如今，在经历了新冠疫情和俄乌战争的冲击之后，地缘政治格局承受着巨大的压力，各方更难达成共识。世界避免了一场严重的增长危机，但潜在增速的下降趋势仍然存在，令人担忧。全球增长持续放缓，未来前景不断走弱。

The Estonian economy is slowly re-emerging from a prolonged downturn but faces structural challenges. Wages growing faster than productivity and permanent increases in input costs, a legacy of ...

The French economy has demonstrated resilience in 2024 despite high uncertainty, bolstered by the summer Olympics in Paris. The disinflationary process is progressing well, and the labor market ...

The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) completed the Article IV Consultation for France on July 11, 2025.

The French financial system has proven resilient to the shocks of the last five years but faces headwinds from domestic and external policy uncertainty and high fiscal consolidation needs.

Iraq has managed to uphold domestic stability despite regional turmoil. However, rapid expansion of spending and emerging financing constraints led to arrears accumulation in 2024. These challenges ...

The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) concluded the Article IV Consultation with the Republic of Estonia on a lapse of time basis on July 9, 2025.1 The authorities have ...

We present new evidence on the impact of fiscal variables on long-term interest rates and term premia in the United States. To alleviate endogeneity problems, we follow the seminal methodology by ...

A Concluding Statement describes the preliminary findings of IMF staff at the end of an official staff visit (or ‘mission’), in most cases to a member country. Missions are undertaken as part of ...

The paper benchmarks Ireland’s public spending efficiency to peer countries in infrastructure, health, and education using a variety of indicators and maps the efficiency frontiers in these sectors ...

Namibia’s arid climate makes it highly susceptible to severe weather shocks. The prolonged drought in 2023–24 caused a sharp decline in crop yields and exacerbated food insecurity. This paper ...

The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) today completed the fourth review of the US$3 billion, 36-month Extended Credit Facility (ECF) Arrangement, which was approved by the Board ...